Understanding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Understanding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Written by: Janine Cheng

Published on September 17, 2024

In a world filled with continuous distractions, maintaining focus can feel impossible.

More and more people are coming to therapy with concerns about a possible diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), having consumed social media content about neurodivergence and wondering “is this me?”. It can be difficult to know the difference between living with ADHD and living with inattention in an overstimulating environment. So let’s talk about it!

First of all, what is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects people of all ages, though symptoms often manifest in childhood and may persist into adulthood. 

Diagnosis of ADHD:

Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive assessment by healthcare professionals, typically including pediatricians, psychiatrists, psychologists, or neurologists. The diagnostic process involves gathering information from multiple sources, including parents, teachers, and the individual's medical history. Criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are used to support providers in making a formal diagnosis. These criteria include persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that impair functioning across different settings, such as home, school, or work.

Common symptoms of inattention include difficulty sustaining attention, organizing tasks, and following through on instructions. Hyperactivity symptoms may manifest as fidgeting, excessive talking, or an inability to remain seated. Impulsivity may lead to interrupting others, making hasty decisions, or engaging in risky behaviors.

It's essential to note that ADHD presentations can vary widely among individuals, and not everyone will exhibit all symptoms. Coexisting conditions such as anxiety, depression, or learning disabilities may complicate the diagnostic process. Often, women with inattentive ADHD are misdiagnosed as suffering from Anxiety or Depression, which are common comorbidities. 

Perhaps one of the most unfortunate misconceptions about ADHD is that those living with it cannot be “high functioning” as a result of their symptoms. The neuro-atypical brain is capable of incredible things, some of which can make those living with ADHD particularly skilled at certain tasks. People with ADHD may be particularly adept at pattern recognition, devoting intense focus on a task that interests them, in noticing details, or in finding unique and resourceful ways to tackle problems. 

Treatment Approaches:

Effective management of ADHD typically involves a multimodal approach tailored to the individual's needs. Treatment strategies may include:

Behavioral Therapy:

Behavioral interventions focus on teaching coping skills, organizational techniques, and strategies to manage impulsivity. Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) help individuals recognize and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors.

Medication:

Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, Concerta) and amphetamine derivatives (e.g., Adderall) are commonly prescribed to manage ADHD symptoms. These medications work by increasing neurotransmitter levels in the brain, improving attention and impulse control. Non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) may be recommended for individuals who don't respond well to stimulants or have concerns about their side effects.

Parent Training:

Educating parents about ADHD and equipping them with effective parenting strategies can significantly improve outcomes for children with ADHD. Parent training programs focus on reinforcing positive behaviors, implementing consistent routines, and providing a supportive environment. Generally speaking, routine and structure are very helpful to the neuro-atypical brain.

Academic Accommodations:

Students with ADHD may benefit from accommodations in the classroom, such as extended time on tests, preferential seating, or access to assistive technologies. These accommodations help level the playing field and support academic success.

Lifestyle Modifications:

Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet can complement traditional treatments for ADHD. Physical activity has been shown to improve focus and executive functioning, while proper nutrition supports overall brain health.

Prevalence of ADHD:

ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting approximately 5-7% of children worldwide. Boys are diagnosed with ADHD more often than girls, though this discrepancy may be attributed to differences in symptom presentation and underdiagnosis in women. While symptoms of hyperactivity may decrease with age, difficulties with attention and impulsivity may persist into adulthood for many individuals.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that requires comprehensive assessment and individualized treatment approaches. By understanding the diagnostic criteria, exploring various treatment options, and recognizing the prevalence of ADHD, we can better support individuals affected by this condition and promote their overall well-being and success in life. If you are curious about whether you may meet the criteria for ADHD, speak with your provider about completing a formal evaluation.

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